Australia and its Healthcare System

Question: Compose a report on Australia and its Healthcare System. Answer: Presentation Widespread medicinal services or all inclusive wellbeing inclusion, by and large alludes the framework identified with the social insurance, which concentrated on giving human services, just as, the monetary security to all the people of the specific nation. As per the Director-General of the WHO, Dr Margaret Chan, all inclusive wellbeing inclusion is the single and most influential idea offered to the general wellbeing. All inclusive human services brings together all the administrations and conveys them in the most coordinated and extensive manner, in light of the essential social insurance. The worldwide alliance, these days, have quickened the entrance to the all inclusive inclusion. It has been seen that the worldwide alliance comprising of in excess of 500 wellbeing and improvement associations all around is encouraging the legislatures for quickening the changes to guarantee each person at wherever, can get to the administrations identified with the quality wellbeing without being exposed to destitution (The significance of government approaches in diminishing business related wellbeing imbalances, 2010). Further, the alliance lays accentuation on the need of the general access to different wellbeing administrations to spare lives, ending extraordinary neediness, and building strength against various wellbeing impacts because of the environmental change, just as, finishing the event of the savage scourges like Ebola. In this article, we will examine about Australia and its social insurance approaches that guides during the time spent the all inclusive wellbeing inclusion. Different arrangements like the Health Insurance Commission, Department of Veterans, The Department of Family and Childrens Services, The Health Department of Western Australia, and Medicare strategy are available in Australia that advances the reason for equivalent wellbeing to everybody and gives the money related guides to the patients (Bates, 2010). Australia and its Healthcare framework Social insurance arrangements throughout the decade: Australia comprises of a mind boggling arrangement of human services, including different sorts of administrations, suppliers, and a wide scope of administrative systems and the subsidizing components. In Australia, both the general population, just as, the private segments give medicinal services and financing including all the degrees of government all the while. Australia, primarily has an assessment supported arrangement of the human services, with financed clinical administrations through the all inclusive national medical coverage conspire. Additionally, the wellbeing administrations in Australia are controlled by the bureaucratic framework by Australias government, which are conveyed by different publics, just as, the private suppliers. The Australian Government is otherwise called the Federal Government, or the Commonwealth centers around subsidizing as opposed to giving wellbeing administrations. The legislature likewise f inances different pharmaceuticals, just as, the private consideration including the older (Humphreys Weinand, 2010). The fundamental changes that have been seen in the medicinal services arrangement of Australia over the previous decade comprises of the open help accommodated the private health care coverage, an ascent in the Medicare plan expense from 85% to 100% for the general experts to check the drop happening in the mass charging, different endeavors in the definition and usage of the national approaches with the assistance of different intergovernmental gatherings, similar to the Australian Health Ministers Conference and the Council of Australian Governments, and the national government subsidizing for composed consideration programs. Expanded regard for be laid in the arranging of the workforce following a report made by the Productivity Commission dependent on the deficiencies of expert and firm practices identified with the medicinal services, more activities taken identi fied with the e-wellbeing, and enormous consideration was paid towards the nature of the consideration, just as, the security of the patient (Murray Skull, 2005). Monetary model received to guarantee wellbeing for all: The Commonwealth assumes the influential position in financing and wellbeing strategy making given it the sacred order and the influence of the handbag. The Commonwealth reserves, controls the timetable identified with the Medicare Benefits, which incorporates installments to the experts, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule including the financed tranquilize buys, and the Australian Health Care Agreements, which adds to the assets to different states for running the open emergency clinics. In addition, the Commonwealth additionally makes Goods and Services Revenue Grants to make the general spending income gave to the states, just as, the regions, it proposes direct awards to different non government associations identified with the wellbeing administrations, and furthermore haggles with the Public Health Outcome Funding Agreements existing in the states for guaranteeing undertaking of the specific exercises identified with the general wellbeing (Cai Kalb, 2006). Different strategies and projects have been embraced by the legislature to give money related guide to the residents. For example, Medicare is the administration of the national government that offers types of assistance and installment for the social insurance, just as, the medication. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme made by the administration additionally sponsors the expense relating to the majority of the medications. The National Health and Medical Research Council is the primary financing body of the Australian government for wellbeing, just as, the clinical exploration. The Health Insurance Commission is another body that is engaged with the procedures and pays all the cases and advantages, just as, the records on the applicable information dependent on the Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (Donato Segal, 2013). Standards Adopted To Ensure Effective Health Care Systems: The improvement of different arrangements of standards by the Commission centers around forming the entire wellbeing, just as, the matured consideration framework to the huge degree covering all people in general, private, network, just as, emergency clinic based administrations. These priniciples incorporate the arrangement of the complete administrations all through the continuum of care, understanding center, which implies that the conveyance of the consideration should address the issues of the patients rather than the doctor, geographic inclusion implying that the administrations should reach to each edge of the districts without dismissing the littler and rustic zones, conveyance of normalized care with the assistance of interprofessional groups, which thusly will advance the progression of the human services, data frameworks that keeps up the electronic wellbeing records of the considerable number of patients, administ ration structure, which centers around the working of different associations and administrations as a team with one another for the upliftment of the coordinated wellbeing frameworks, and money related administration to give better medicinal services to all the people independent of their social and prudent status (Day, 2008). Connection between the strategies and the standards: Various approaches have been actualized for doing these standards identified with the arrangement of the social insurance administrations. For example, Territory Health Services include the organization of the wellbeing administrations for the people over the Northern Territory covering its tremendous geographic zone. The Council of Australian Governments, facilitates Commonwealth, state, just as, the region governments exercises at the most significant level (Podger, 2014). The Department of Family and Childrens Services unites the pay support, just as, the scope of different network administrations to the single office. The Department of Veterans Affairs centers around paying remuneration, just as, the pay support, partnered wellbeing, finance medical clinic administrations, network bolster projects, and directing for all the war veterans and their dependants. The office for the most part of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islan der Health helps extraordinary financing programs for different Indigenous Australians and subsidizing of different network controlled wellbeing projects to convey the extra social insurance (Etheredge, 2005). Job of the legislature in the social insurance framework: Behind the conductance of the administrations identified with the wellbeing framework, there is a system of Australias government and its help components, which empowers different wellbeing approaches, enactment, guideline, coordination, just as, the financing angles identified with the conveyance of the quality wellbeing administrations. The administration, coordination, just as, the guideline of the wellbeing administrations in Australia is a major errand, and includes the obligation of the considerable number of divisions and the degrees of the legislature in a joint cooperation, with the arranging, just as, conveying of the human services administrations (Blewett, 2010). Enactment and the strategies: The medicinal services arrangement of the Australia is a broad, complex, approximately sorted out, and in fact modern framework. Elevated requirements identified with the clinical consideration, for the most part win all through different medicinal services enterprises, just as, the entire of the nation. The human services framework is depicted by different enactments and strategies concentrating on the value of the administrations. The administrative structure of the Australias government comprises of the Commonwealth, State, just as, region, which all assumed the job and are engaged with the Australias wellbeing framework (Duckett, 2008). The predominant pretended by the specialists in the private part during the arrangement of the consideration, as a rule based on the expense forservice is diminished with the expanding impact of the administrations on the structure of the administrations identified with the social insurance through various financing c ourses of action. There is widespread access to the quality identified with the clinical consideration through the Commonwealth, just as, the State subsidizing framework for Medicare. Additionally, there is a considerable private subsidizing, which is directed and bolstered by the Commonwealth to offer a level of care in the framework, especially for the medical clinic care (Radford, 2010). Advancement of the all inclusive wellbeing inclusion

Role of Self Assessment in Learning

Job of Self Assessment in Learning My enthusiasm for self-evaluation originates from individual encounters of being surveyed and the disappointment felt when most evaluated work was just granted an evaluation, contained least input assuming any and was then expected to be documented in spite of the numerous inquiries I may have had. Be that as it may, numerous years after the fact, while went to a language showing instructional class, I was given a self-assessment sheet to finish by the educator. Awkward as this seemed to be, I understood this was the first occasion when that I had been introduced an organization to self-evaluate/think about my work. In the wake of finishing the sheet and the ensuing conversation about the substance, the educator gave input of a kind that I could use, in a setting which was strong and which regarded my objectives as a language instructor. From that point forward I have built up an enthusiasm for how self-appraisal can be utilized to advance learning in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) homeroom. During my instructing in Asia I have seen the requirement for students to assume more noteworthy liability for their own learning so as to move away from the more conventional instructor drove, instructional methodology. I have discovered that utilizing self-appraisal as a feature of intelligent learning can prompt more prominent possession and self-governing learning as more consideration is paid to how students gain information. This article assesses the job of appraisals, especially self-evaluation as a device for advancing learning, as I relate the excursion taken with my Chinese students on an English Pathways Program (EPP) and what has prompted the choice for utilizing a scope of developmental assignments contained in an arrangement of composed work, with students eventually taking responsibility for learning. What is the job of appraisals? Evaluation as indicated by Gipps (1994, p. vii) is: a wide scope of techniques for assessing understudy execution and achievement including formal testing and assessments, down to earth and oral appraisal, and study hall based evaluation completed by educators and portfolios. Numerous educational plans in language schools reflect Tylers (1949) traditional model that predefined targets, substance, and methods for accomplishing and surveying pre-decided learning results. This model of behaviorism sees the student as a latent safeguard of data gave by the educator and along these lines learning turns into an accidental instead of a deliberate procedure. Gipps (1994) contends that the strength of this model in the study hall, has implied that instructors have concentrated their guidance on discrete abilities and on decontextualized test things, with proceeded with training until authority is accomplished. Dark and Wiliam (1998a) discovered this sort of testing supports shallow or shallow repetition learning, as learning detached realities, rapidly vanish from the memory since they have no significance and don't fit into the students theoretical guide. This has been seen many time in our study halls where on one day understudies can discuss effectively a rundown of jargon or syntactic guidelines, as they have recently done that in class or in a test, however can't review a similar data, a couple of days after the fact. An option in contrast to this behaviorist/targets model originates from constructivist brain research which contends that information isn't straightforwardly transmittable from individual to individual, but instead is separately developed or found. Glasersfeld (1989) contends that the duty of learning ought to dwell progressively with the student and constructivism accentuates the significance of the student being effectively engaged with the learning procedure, not at all like past instructive perspectives where as we noted over the obligation rested with the teacher to educate and where the student played a detached, open job. Glasersfeld (1989) urges that students be instructed how to learn by connecting with their metacognitive capacities, bringing about picking up being a deliberate procedure and prompting profound learning. Sadler (1989) underpins this by saying that advancements in metacognition reveal to us understudies need to become capable assessors of their own work. McDonald and Boud (2003) have contended that the conventional advancement of self-evaluation abilities is a significant piece of the educational program at all levels (p. 210) with Black and Wiliam (1998b) expressing that self-evaluation is a fundamental segment of developmental appraisal. On the side of this dynamic learning approach, Gipps (1994) advocates for progressively visit and a more prominent scope of evaluations, for example, papers, execution appraisals, little gathering assignments and ventures. Bould (1991) characterizes self-appraisal as the association of understudies in recognizing norms as well as rules to apply to their work and causing decisions about the degree to which they to have fulfilled these measures and guidelines. (Boud, 1991, p.5). The last stage, frequently called self-evaluating or self-testing is just a single part of self-appraisal and Bould (1995) cautions against an overemphasis on this perspective as it can coordinate consideration away from including students in distinguishing and drawing in with standards, a phase which he says is both troublesome and regularly dismissed. In China today, evaluations enable all to the educator, to make one-sided and last decisions on an understudies work. Be that as it may, in the event that we need our understudies to get autonomous, dynamic students, at that point this connection among understudy and instructor should be changed and by fusing self-evaluation into study hall learning, understudies just as educators recognize appraisal as a shared obligation, and not as the sole duty of the educator (Oscarson, 1989). Other important issues concerning evaluations noted by Black and Wiliam (1998a) were: the filling in of records instead of dissecting understudies work to recognize their adapting needs; and the over-accentuation on granting imprints and grades, frequently utilizing regularizing referencing, which energizes rivalry as opposed to individual improvement. A large number of our students experience of regulating referencing in their past schools persuaded that they needed capacity and accordingly they had lost trust in their own ability to learn. Consequently, therefore, we embraced a progressively ipsative methodology where students are more focussed on their own benefits instead of others grades. On the side of this Hounsell et al. (2008) noticed that granting grades frequently comes to the detriment of offering helpful guidance or criticism, which should be necessary to the progressing instructing and learning cycle, as accomplishment gains from developmental evaluation are among the m ost considerable of every single academic mediation. Ellery (2008, p. 422) explains on this by saying that, the open doors for learning are most noteworthy in developmental assignments requiring drafts where understudies get criticism and have the event to effectively draw in with the input to improve the item in its ensuing draft(s, for example, in expositions. Gipps (1994) contends for the utilization of subjective descriptors accepting that crumbling or conglomerating all outcomes to give a solitary figure to announcing is to lose point by point data. At the point when scores must be amassed for detailing then we have to utilize models which bring about minimal loss of data and to make the standards unequivocal. To sum up, I feel the program ought to think about the student as a functioning member, utilize a scope of developmental appraisals, with an emphasis on self-evaluations, criticism and leaners progress as opposed to granting grades. What are simply the advantages, issues of utilizing evaluations and would they say they are dependable? To assess self-appraisals, the writing was audited to set up the related advantages and issues, notwithstanding the dependability of the apparatus for acrid circumstance. A few advantages of utilizing self-evaluation have been recognized. Various language analysts have gotten self-appraisal to be a dependable technique for improving understudies language aptitudes and capacities (Ekbatani, 2000; Nunan, 1988), creating student independence and metacognitive commitment (Andrade and Du 2007; Cassidy 2007), upgrading getting the hang of, including profound and deep rooted learning (Taras 2008) and it adds to understudy accomplishment (Hughes, Sullivan Mosley 1985; Schunk, 1996; Ross 2006). Studies have likewise demonstrated that self-evaluations positively affects understudies learning inspiration (Pope, 2001) and learning execution (McDonald Boud, 2003). Be that as it may, a few issues with self-appraisal have additionally been recognized. A few understudies are hesitant to self-survey, feeling they come up short on the essential aptitudes, certainty or capacity to pass judgment on their own work or basically fear being off-base (Leach 2012), liking and hoping to be evaluated by specialists (Evans, McKenna, and Oliver 2005) or understudies may consider it to be the educators duty (Brown and Knight 1994). What's more, in numerous Asian nations the very idea of self-appraisal conflicts with profound established social assumptions regarding learning and giving themselves a passing mark is viewed as unseemly, gloating (Leach 2012), bringing about people from Eastern societies by and large showing a humility predisposition, and along these lines misjudging their presentation (Yik, Bond, and Paulhus, 1998). In this way, it is essential to disclose the justification to the students and show that as students we day by day self-assess (for ex ample presenting a rundown of words). To address social issues it might require singular conferences to relieve concerns. Albeit self-appraisal is being utilized in a scope of settings: science, maths, and language classes; essential, auxiliary and tertiary training; there is still some uncertainty about its dependability which Gipps characterizes as the degree to which an evaluation would create the equivalent, or comparative, score on two events or whenever given by two assessors (1994: p. vii). Bachman and Palmer (1989) found that a gathering of EFL students in the US had the option to dependably self-rate themselves for their informative language capacities. Boud and Falchikov (1989) discovered there was no reliable inclination to over or disparage execution by

Your Website Hacked Here Is What You Should Do Now!

Your Website Hacked Here Is What You Should Do Now! Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Your Website Hacked? Here Is What You Should Do Now!Updated On 02/02/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : SecurityShort URL : http://hbb.me/1m8P5mt CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogI dont know how secure your website is, how popular your web hosting is, but trust me, its possible to hack them. Think of any popular website, its possible to hack them. It might be difficult but not impossible. This is the current scenario of the Internet world. There are plenty of hackers out there, some good and some bad hackers. Then, some script kiddies who have no idea what they are doing, more importantly, why they are doing.Its always better to be cautious now than to worry about this later. If your website has been hacked or if you are worried that your website might be hacked, then follow this simple essential guide to solve this issue smoothly. These are some personal tips which we applied when we experienced malware hack for some blogs we were maintaining.Website Hacked? Follow These Things!IMAGE CREDIT: YURI SAMOILOV / FLICKR1. Stay Calm FocussedJust stop the other works you are doing. Pause your torrent download. Close all the other irrelevant tabs. Keep your phone in silent mode. Avoid distractions, just focus on your website for the time being. This is very important because you shouldnt be focused on your unwanted Facebook or Twitter notifications.2. Take Down Your WebsiteMake the website offline. Use an under-construction page (even maintenance page works) or maybe redirect your website to your official Facebook/Twitter profile. If your readers or customers are seeing a hacked web page (or even a browser warning) then itll surely spoil your brands reputation and they wont really come back. Especially if you are running an eCommerce store then your visitors (or future customers) will be afraid to share their credit card or any payment info on your websi te.So I think a little downtime is okay for managing your websites reputation. This not only helps your website but also for other people who visit your website, sometimes hacked websites have malicious code scripts installed and itll affect the ones who visit your site as well.3. Change Your PasswordsIts better to change all your passwords (WordPress, Hosting, Database everything) when your website is hacked. You can even change all the email addresses associated with your website as well. Itll be hard for the hackers to crack the original password and know what is that, but still, its good to have a new set of passwords for better security.ARE YOU SURE YOUR WEBSITE PASSWORD IS SECURE? HOW SECURE?Essential (And Easy) Tips For Creating Secure And Strong Passwords4. Contact Your HostingGo to your web hosting account, create a support ticket and at the same time, open a support chat to let them know about this hack. Suppose if your website is redirecting to some other hacked website, then you can also inform your domain registrar regarding this.READCreate Safe Secure Email Address For Your ChildrenAs a Web Hosting provider, it is their core duty to protect your website and your server, but sometimes the blame is on us as well, if our websites security is poor then there is nothing else we can do to be honest. If you have infected website template or bad passwords, then they can easily hack your website with basic techniques.5. Scan Your WebsiteYou can use online scanners like Sucuri for scanning your website for any malware or hack related issues. They have a free tool to scan your website and let you know about the condition. I used a demo website and you can see the results below.You can also install Clam AntiVirus (ClamAV) on your cPanel which scans for any malicious programs on your server.6. Find The CulpritNow here is the most critical part, you have to act like Sherlock Holmes, analyze what might have caused this hack. Which loophole? Which silly mistak e? Which security flaw? I think itll be wise to list out the last 5 actions you did on your website for the past one week. Did you install any new WordPress plugin, did you install any Analytics script or did you install any theme you downloaded from the Internet (Malicious maybe?).If you are so confused, its good to undo all those things. Uninstall the plugins you have, change your website theme, remove all the scripts you recently added and most importantly, make sure you have a backup of these things before proceeding. Taking a backup of your blog/website is very essential.6. Inform Your ReadersAs a webmaster, or a blogger, or a brand owner, it is your duty to inform your readers/customers/members about what happened. Sometimes its good to be honest, but sometimes its up to you to decide.If you are a Blogger, then you can write a blog post about what happened, how this hack was possible, tell them the steps you did to fix this and much more. Itll be a good experience post, you kn ow, you can advise your readers on the security measures you have taken now.IMPLEMENT THESE SECURITY ACTIONS NOW TO PREVENT ANOTHER HACK:Website Security Checklist: Have You Completed All These Steps?These are some of the basic actions you should take when your website or blog is hacked. If you know any other essential measures then do kindly share them in the comments below.

Australian Healthcare System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 720 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Scenario 1 and 2 Provision of health care in Australia is from government-operated hospitals, private medical practitioners and private hospitals. The cost in the health care system can be provided by both private insurance and government agencies. In addition, it has been noticed in Australia that the balance can be paid by the patient, which sometimes leads to some questions, which need to be answered. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Australian Healthcare System" essay for you Create order Furthermore, in Australia it is expected the health care system to be subsidized for all Australian citizens as well as permanent residents. In specific circumstances, it is also known that a number of other schemes cover the medical costs for indigenous or veterans Australians. Other things, which can assist in providing medical care system, might include; motor vehicle insurance as well as work workers compensation schemes. Despite all the above form of medical assistance from various donation aid, as a medical officer has received complaints from patients through the practice manager who has developed concern as a result of the same. After practice manager realized the complaints he made me come up with three patient information sheets which will be used to avoid confusion and reduce the number of complaints being received as described below; Information sheet 1: Explanation why out-of-pocket expenses occur Complaints from patients treated despite the assistance they expect it has been realized that patient must pay for other expenses despite the subsidized health care system in Australia. These expenses have been occurring due to corrupt doctors who need an extra salary to supplement the little they have. Additionally, the patient should pay for extra money out of their pockets to cater for some of the services, which they might receive and government alongside other donation agencies have not provided. Finally, the patient can also pay for other workers who serve them and are not employed or they neither receive salaries from those donation agencies thus patient always will complain if such matters are not solved. Information sheet 2: explanation of the consequences of unpaid accounts At the same time, some administrative fee is charged based on unpaid accounts during the time of consultation from the doctors. Some results have been noted in patients who fail to pay for the accounts, for instance, those patients who have not paid for their account are not served, and this can cause loss of life to that patient who fails to receive health services. Information sheet 3: explanation why health care cardholders are entitled to a discounted rate Sheet 3 gives an explanation on why there are some differences in charges among health care holders and other patients. It has been noticed that as much as charging in the Australia heath care system is concerned patients complain about why they pay more than heath care owners who usually pay very little. This has been known is due to corrupt officers in the office who befriend some of the office managers to be treated free or at low charges. Scenario 3 Working at Dr. Black’s obstetrician medical room, I am supposed to have full information of all the people who decides to have private doctors for their medication. As a result, Jillian who is 15 weeks pregnant needs to be cleared all her medical expenses and made sure that her care from the doctor is fully covered. As a result, I need to ask Jillian some questions to assess if her insurance will cover her pregnancy. Some of the questions include: Having chosen the private care of your pregnancy with Dr. Black, Jillian need to have an insurance cover that will cater for your pregnancy. I should ask her if she has an insurance cover. Is her insurance cover is sufficient to cater for the pregnancy period? For how long has her insurance cover been in service having maintained it for the last five years? Having found out that Jillian insurance cover will cater for her pregnancy period. I noted that it will pay for the period and still have an excess of $500. The insurance cover service will cater for hospital anesthetist’s charges and accommodation. As a result, she is required to have out-of-pocket money that will be needed for other expenses for her stay at the hospital, since they shall not be provided by the hospital. Besides, In Australia, the medical price for aspecialist is high with 30% consultation and A$65.73 out-of-pocket.

Is3350 Unit 2 Assignment 1 - 807 Words

Executive Summary on Veteran’s Affairs (VA) and Loss of Private Information IS3350 Unit 2 Assignment 1: Executive Summary on Veteran’s Affairs (VA) and Loss of Private Information Background On 3 May 2006, a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) laptop was stolen from a VA data analyst’s home in Montgomery County, Maryland. In addition to the laptop, a personal external hard drive was stolen. The external hard drive contained the personal data (names, social security numbers, dates of birth, disability ratings) for 26.5 million veterans and their spouses. It should be noted that the massive data theft was only one of many that had been discovered over the course of 1.5 years. Upon discovery of the theft, the VA employee†¦show more content†¦This was not clearly identified as a high priority incident and there was a failure to follow up on the incident until after they received a call from the Inspector General (Opfer, 2006). Issue 4: Information Security officials failed to effectively trigger appropriate notifications and begin an investigation of the stolen data. The information security official’s incident report contained omissions and sign ificant errors. This resulted in missed opportunity to re-create the contents of the laptop and external drive and to recognize the severity of the potential loss of data. The cybersecurity operations officials failed to ensure a timely investigation and notifications were made regarding the severity of the lost data (Opfer, 2006). Issue 5: VA Policies, procedures and practices were not easy to identify, were not current, nor were they complete. The VA policies and procedures for safeguarding against disclosure of private information were inadequate with regard to preventing the data loss incident. The policies and procedures for reporting and investigating lost or stolen private data not well-defined in the VA policies (Opfer, 2006). Recommendations 1. Implement a centralized Agency-Wide Information Technology (IT) security program. 2. Implement a patch management program to ensure programs and applications are up-to-date with security patches. 3. Implement effective monitoring of networks through the use of electronic scanning in order to

The Eruption of Mount Pinatubo - Case Study - Geography

The Eruption of Mount Pinatubo On the 15th June of 1991, the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century took place on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, 90 km northwest of the capital city Manila. It was also, by far, the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area. Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano, is part of a chain of volcanoes along the Luzon arc on the west coast (refer map). The arc of volcanoes is due to the subduction of the Manila trench to the west. The mountain has a very huge eruptive history. It was known to be thermally active and had been explored as possible geothermal energy resource by the Philippine National Oil Company. Mount Pinatubo is among the highest peaks in west-central Luzon. Its†¦show more content†¦And a level 5 alert triggered evacuation of the 20Ââ€"40 km zone on the 14th of June. For the people who werent willing to leave the area, a video showing the extreme hazards of the eruption was played to convince them of the dangers of the eruption. Als o, on the 10th of June, the military finally issued evacuation orders and the 18,000 Clark Air Base personnel along with their families were transported to Subic Bay Naval Station (most were returned to the US). In total, the authorities were able to evacuate 200,000 people. From June 7 to 12, SO2 gas emissions, which had increased tenfold from May 13 to May 28, suddenly decreased. The US government wanted definite answers so the USGS geologists went to the site to look for evidence. They monitored the SO2 emissions for two weeks and the results indicated that either the volcano had postponed its attack or that the chamber was blocked and the magma was pressurizing within the volcano. The Eruption On the 12th of June (Philippine Independence Day), millions of cubic yards of gas-charged magma reached the surface and resulted in the first major eruption which was then followed by a series of eruptions. It produced a 19 km long ash column and pyroclastic flows that extended up to four km from the summit to the river valleys. Later, a 15 minute eruption hurled ash straight up to the sky, reaching the heights of 24 km. The super heated air and the friction between

Vanishing Trades of Singapore free essay sample

Vanishing Trades Through a comprehensive review of existing literature relating to vanishing trades (both reading materials and online resources), this literature review will provide an understanding of vanishing trades as a whole, and vanishing trades in our local context . Firstly, the issue of establishing the definition of ‘Vanishing Trades’; by our team’s definition, it basically refers to the slow disappearance of skilled professions that were once valued, but have lost their significance and places in today’s society (due to various reasons). Although there is not a substantial amount of academic literature made available in dealing with the ‘crisis’ of vanishing trades, academic texts were found (mainly online) which discuss possible reasons for and causes of the decline in these trades, which will provide a useful background to the issues explored. These resources would be beneficial to our project on Vanishing Trades as it would equip us with not only more background information regarding the issues, but would also aid us in the composition of our story angles and articles. We will write a custom essay sample on Vanishing Trades of Singapore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first section of this literature review will identify and assess historical examples of trades that have already vanished in varies societies, and the possible causes and effects of changing times. The second section will provide a more in-depth scope, highlighting the trades that have already vanished in Singapore, and the current trades that are on the verge of vanishing completely, becoming trades of yester-years. Literature relating to these will be critically analyzed and used to project various possible vanishing trades that our team could write on. This would depend on the viability/ suitability, as News Values such as ‘Currency’ (since we are writing for a publication, The Straits Times, and we have to provide an updated account for vanishing trades of Singapore in retrospect), ‘Possible Future Impact’ (as we are trying to inform and educate our readers on these vanishing trades), ‘Conflict’ (between these vanishing trades and how the times have changed with the advent of odernization/globalization, technological advances etc), ‘Human Interest’ (whereby readers could be interested not just out of curiosity but having a sense of respect or perhaps giving due recognition to these vanishing trades) and of course ‘Shock Value’ (to learn that there are such trades or professions in Singapore etc). Section One: Vanished Trades That Are Now History! Early America According to â€Å"Early America at Work Pictorial Guide to Vanishing Occupations† (Everett B. Wilson, 1963), Everett highlighted just a handful of the many occupations that have vanished in the 20th century, back in the earlier days of America, long before the Industrial Revolution. Some of the graphic illustrations in the book portray various types of segmentations, similar to concept of the various fields of expertise and types of industries that we have in our current society. These segmentations are as follows: The Pioneers (Frontiersmen, Indian Fighters, Vigilantes), The Public Servants (Lamplighters, Town Criers, Chimney Sweeps, Viewers, Law Enforcers, Cops on the Beat, Whitewings, Snow Wardens, Burgomasters), The Itinerants (Wanderers, Peripatetics, Itinerant Servicemen, Street Vendors)